Glycolic Acid (W/V)

Mechanism of Action^1,2

Therapeutically, GA peels can have anti-inflammatory, keratolytic, and antioxidant effects depending on the indication for the treatment. Mechanistically, GA targets the corneosome by enhancing breakdown and decreasing cohesiveness, causing desquamation. Peel intensity is determined by four factors 1) the concentration of the acid, 2) the vehicle used to carry it, 3) the amount of acid applied, and 4) the technique used. To neutralize the acidification, water or basic solutions such as ammonium salts, sodium bicarbonate, or sodium hydroxide are used. In addition, to the keratolytic activity of GA, it can increase the production of collagen in the dermis (the deeper layer of the skin). This can add integrity to the skin. Lastly, GA can facilitate the development of lipids in the epidermis, such as ceramides and cholesterol, which has a vital role in upholding a healthy skin barrier. By fortifying the barrier function, GA helps to prevent transepidermal water loss. This maintains optimal hydration of the skin.